Management Information System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

The executives Information System - Research Paper Example Web is the interconnection of systems over the world which associates PCs to servers thus connecting the billions of individuals around the globe. The web which started during the 1970s has kept on encountering gigantic development in innovation and customer base. Web is given by the web access suppliers which offer association with assigned web spaces. Sending of data however the web is an unpredictable procedure that a great many people who are not PC technocrats can't comprehend. In any case, the straightforward clarification is that every PC has an Internet Protocol Address which is remarkable to that PC. When data is sent through the web, it must be deteriorated sending data to the assigned location and afterward reassembled when it arrives at the assignment and the procedure is rehashed over with data looked for. This procedure happens so quick that individuals don't see (Laudon and Laudon, 2014). Web clients associate with the web through the three diverse space name framework: top-level, second-level and third-level areas. With every area level, the data is limited to the particulars of the data looked. The top-level area incorporates government level, authoritative level, and instruction among other which are contracted with .com or .organization among others. It is at the third level that data is refined to the primary pursuit words. A portion of the normal internet providers incorporate messages, moving documents, having news gatherings and utilizing the World Wide Web to send or recover data, for example, designs and messages. The most widely recognized web utilization is the visiting and sending of texts regularly the internet based life (Abbate, 2000). The web with all its magnificence and various preferences additionally has its own hindrances. Individuals have the opportunity to stack in any data on the web which would then be able to be gotten to by others

Neanderthals Essays - Stone Age, Human Evolution, Hominini

Neanderthals Neanderthals I have never truly had an enthusiasm for religion and the convictions it is made of. This all leaves me befuddled at times. Religion clarifies the production of mankind, since I have no strict convictions then where does this leave me in pondered where I originated from? As a matter of fact it left me no where. I have quite recently as of late taken a human sciences class the second semester of my first year at Montgomery College. I am simply know increasing a faith in where and when man was made. Simply think, a great many people are imparted with religion from the get-go throughout everyday life, for the most part by their guardians or the schools that there guardians make the go to at an early age. I have consistently been to obstinate to tune in to anything my folks needed to state, driving me to discover things for myself. I have just had the option to tune in and comprehend things that I like and tuning in to my human sciences instructor was something that I could comprehend and delighted in tuning in to. He was the person who initially acquainted me with Neanderthals. Numerous Anthropologists accept that Neanderthals were in actuality an immediate progenitor to present day man. Consequently giving Anthropologists a thought of where we began. Then again a few Anthropologists imagine that the Neanderthals had no connection to current man. Through the look into that I have done, there is little data that underpins that Neanderthals were in truth precursors, however there is an unmistakable bigger measure of data that bolsters that they are not precursors of man. The greater part of the data that upheld that Neanderthals were immediate precursors has been seen as inaccurate through research and innovation. In 1856 at the Feldhofer Cave, Germany, Neanderthal Man acquainted himself with the world demonstrated by Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Nelson, Kilgore in the seventh version of Understanding Physical Human sciences and Archeology. Named after the valley wherein he was found (Neander Tal), this primate would send anthropologists distraught for more than 100 a long time. They were at first however of as dumb beasts with clubs and monster like qualities. French Paleontologist, Marcelin Boule was the maker of this misguided judgment about the Neanderthals. Boule pronounce that these primates were unintelligent because of their low-browed cerebrums and that the main thing that they could make is their apparatuses and very little else. Boule accepted that the mammoth strolled bowed need and head anticipating forward with his huge toe like a chimpanzee. Later it is found out that in actuality his misinterpretation about the monster guided him wrong in his assessment of the older primate. All things considered the bones that he inspected was disabled and had experienced joint pain, over looked by Boule. A few Anthropologists accept that it is practically difficult to miss the proof of joint pain on the old keeps an eye on bones since it is so clear to see. In any case, Boule's examination left a perpetual scar on the Neanderthals picture that would not be changed until numerous years after the fact (307). As of late scientists have effectively concentrate and grouping DNA from a Neanderthal fossil. A little bit of bone from the funny was expelled from the first Neandertal Vally fossil also, contrasted with various other DNA tests. Unequivocal verification can not be resolved from one succession of a person, in actuality new information driving for Neanderthals: indicating that they were a part of the human family, not an immediate progenitor. The outcomes from the tests show that the Neanderthal DNA is significantly not the same as the other DNA that was tried. The other DNA that was tried was from Humans just as chimpanzees. From the outcome of these DNA tests, analysts remain by the view that Neanderthals exist as an animal varieties autonomous from early current man. Along these lines satisfying the name of Neanderthals as a transformative impasse (Science 176-178). Mitochondria is a significant cell that at long last decided the connection among man and Neanderthals (Newman 1999). There is likewise a social differentiation between the Neanderthals and Homo sapiens (early present day man) demonstrated by Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Nelson, Kilgore in the seventh release of Understanding Physical Humanities and Archeology. These distinctions set them apart as it were that discloses to us how they lived and characterizes the distinction in the two. Instrument innovation for the sake of the Neanderthals was less best in class. Chip devices were utilized for explicit what's more, not many tasks. Bone, tusk, and ivory were utilized rarely. Most instruments had just a couple of parts. While the Homo sapiens were utilizing a wide verity of stone devices. Utilizing bone, prong and ivory as frequently as conceivable. Just as having a lot more devices with at least two sections. Chasing is another

Synthetic Marijuana Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help

Synthetic Marijuana Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print What to Know About Synthetic Marijuana (Fake Weed) Use By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 12, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on August 12, 2019 Spencer Platt / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Fake Weed Do? Common Side Effects Signs of Use Myths and Common Questions Addiction and Withdrawal How to Get Help View All Back To Top Synthetic cannabinoids, also called synthetic marijuana or fake weed, have been used by many as an alternative to marijuana since products were first introduced in 2002. Despite the fact that these man-made products were created in laboratories to help scientists study the cannabinoid system in the human brain, they often claim to be made of “natural” material from a variety of plants. Hundreds of synthetic cannabinoids exist and the effects can be unpredictable and even life-threatening. Also Known As: There are countless fake weed products being sold as herbal smoking blends, legal bud, herbal smoke, marijuana alternatives, fake weed, or herbal buds. This makes it difficult for parents and other adults to identify them. Some of the brand names include  Blaze, Blueberry Haze, Dank, Demon Passion Smoke, Genie, Hawaiian Hybrid, K2, Magma, Ninja, Nitro, Ono Budz, Panama Red Ball, Puff, Sativah Herbal Smoke, Skunk, Spice, Ultra Chronic, and Voodoo Spice. Drug Class: Synthetic marijuana products are classified as new psychoactive substances (NPS), or unregulated mind-altering substances intended to produce the same effects as illegal drugs.   Common Side Effects: Side effects of the drug include elevated mood, relaxation, altered perception, symptoms of psychosis, extreme anxiety, confusion, paranoia, hallucinations, violent behavior, suicidal thoughts, rapid heart rate, raised blood pressure, vomiting, kidney damage, and seizures. How to Recognize Fake Weed Synthetic marijuana often contains a mixture of dried leaves from traditional herbal plants. They are various colors, including green, brown, blonde, and red, and often sold in small packets approximately two by three inches. The packets are often colorful foil packs or plastic zip bags. Some online sellers of legal fake weed products do so with disclaimers like not for human consumption. What Does Synthetic Marijuana Do? Fake weed works on the same brain cell receptors as THC or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana that gets you high). It is typically smoked, brewed in tea, or vaped.  Many of these products are legally marketed as herbal incense or potpourri. Some people who use herbal buds say that  it produces a high  similar to that of marijuana, but it doesnt last as long.  Others experience a relaxed feeling, rather than the head high  that real marijuana  produces. Also of note is the harsh taste, which people say makes your throat burn and your lungs ache long after you smoke. Since there are no standards for making, packaging, or selling synthetic weed, its impossible to know the type and amount of chemicals in each product as well as what the fake weed will do to you. What the Experts Say Although they are often marketed as 100% organic herbs, none of the fake weed products on the market are completely natural. They have all been found to contain various synthetic cannabinoids, or chemicals produced in laboratories. Originally, fake marijuana products contained a chemical called HU-210, which has a molecular structure very similar to THC. Because HU-210 is listed as a Schedule I  controlled substance in the United States, these fake weed products were manufactured and sold only in Europe. Since then, new synthetic cannabinoid agonists have been created. They are too numerous to list. Some are similar in structure to THC; others are not. Some are classified as controlled substances. By using different synthetic marijuana mixtures, manufacturers are able to continue to legally market their products in the United States when another formulation becomes illegal. According to the DEA, the majority of these chemical compounds are produced in Asia with no regulations or standards. They are then smuggled into the United States where they are sprinkled onto plant material, packaged and ultimately sold in tobacco shops, convenience stores, and the like. Some of these chemicals are still legal. However, since synthetic marijuana first hit the market, more than 20 of these compounds have become controlled in some way at the federal level. At the same time, they noted that more than 75 additional compounds have been identified but are not currently controlled. In 2015, the DEA listed 15 varieties of synthetic marijuana as Schedule I controlled substances in the  Drugs of Abuse  resource guide. This places them in the same federal category as heroin, crack cocaine, and marijuana. Many people buy into the idea that fake marijuana products are safe since the chemicals are legal and contain natural ingredients. However, this has proven to be false with multiple cases of  severe, unexplained bleeding or bruising, and some deaths. Other reports show an increase in emergency room visits due to rapid heart rate, vomiting, violent behavior, suicidal thoughts, kidney damage, and seizures. Off-Label Uses Some of the fake marijuana products sold commercially claim to contain herbs traditionally used for medicinal purposes, including: Beach bean (Canavalia maritima)Blue Egyptian water lily (nymphaea caerulea)Dwarf skullcap (scutellaria nana)Indian warrior (pedicularis densiflora)Lions tail (leonotis leonurus)Indian lotus (nelumbo nucifera)Honeyweed (leonurus sibiricus) However, one study revealed that some of the herbal ingredients listed by the manufacturers could not be found in the products. Beyond the synthetic cannibinoid HU-210, which is used by scientists to identify cannibinoid receptors in the brain and study the effects ?-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (?-9-THC), there are no approved or off-label medical uses for synthetic marijuana. Common Side Effects While research is advancing, the  effect synthetic marijuana products may have on the human body is largely unknown. To date, few studies have been published testing the effects of the chemicals on users. Within the DEA report, they note overdoses that have caused fatal heart attacks. Similarly, acute kidney injury resulting in hospitalization and dialysis have been connected to these synthetics. One study compared the level of impairment for drivers who were arrested for intoxicated driving. One group had smoked synthetic cannabinoids and those in the other group were high on marijuana. The study found a significant increase in confusion, disorientation, and  incoherence in the synthetic marijuana group. Slurred speech, a side effect not normally associated with natural cannabis use, was also reported among the synthetic cannabinoid users. Beyond the short-term effects mentioned, an increase in blood pressure, as well as seizures, tremors, and anxiety, have been noted in synthetic marijuana users. Whether these observed symptoms will have lasting effects, particularly on adolescents and young adult users, is not yet known. Of course, smoking any substance could have negative effects on the lungs. The problem with JWH-018 (a synthetic cannabinoid compound) is that absolutely nothing is known regarding its toxicity or metabolites, says John Huffman, who helped develop the JWH-018 chemical. Therefore, it is potentially dangerous and should not be used. JWH-018 is also known as 1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthyl) indole and is one of the Schedule I controlled substances listed with the DEA. Recently, a version of synthetic marijuana was laced with rat poison, causing uncontrolled bleeding in hundreds of people  and killing several others who ingested the tainted products. If you or a loved one has used synthetic marijuana and begin experiencing severe, unexplained bleeding or bruising, call 911 or asked a loved one to take you to the hospital immediately. These are all signs of contaminated cannabinoid products. Signs of Use If you are a parent of a young adult, it pays to know the behaviors and physical effects of using fake weed. While exhibiting one or two of these signs might not mean that your child is using, they are all strong indicators of drug use and should be taken seriously. Behaviors: Burning incenseBuying or using eye dropsPossessing dried plants or herbsHaving rolling papers or vape pensReceiving suspicious packages in the mailDisplaying unusual or secretive behaviors Physical effects: RestlessnessRed or irritated eyesPale complexionActing confused Recognizing Fake Weed Use in Teens Myths and Common Questions Perhaps one of the biggest misconceptions about herbal bud is that it is natural marijuana. It is not; it is created from any of several hundred man-made synthetic chemicals that are sprayed onto the chopped plant material.   Synthetic marijuana is also far more potent, containing TCH analogs or synthetic cannabinoids that can be up to 600 times more potent than THC found in marijuana. Often, additives, toxic impurities, and other types of drugs are also found in fake weed products.   Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Regularly using “fake weed” can result in increased tolerance, or needing more and more of the drug to experience the same high. If you regularly use synthetic cannabinoids, you can also become both physically and psychologically dependent. This means if you stop abruptly, youll likely experience withdrawal symptoms. Since the chemical composition of fake weed is unknown and can change from batch to batch, tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal may also vary. How Long Does Fake Weed Stay in Your System? How long synthetic cannabinoids stay in your system depends on several factors, including the type, how it is administered (i.e., inhaled or ingested), amount consumed, and frequency of use. Since these synthetic drugs dont trigger a positive result on most standard urine drug tests, many people turn to these drugs in an attempt to avoid positive drug screens for employment, rehab, or legal reasons. Addiction Long-term, regular use of synthetic cannabinoids can lead to addiction. If you have a history of mental illness or a substance use disorder, the risk of addiction is even greater. In addition to building up a tolerance and experiencing symptoms of withdrawal, other signs of synthetic cannabinoid addiction can include: You use more than intended, even after telling yourself that you’ll only “take a few hits.”You are unable to cut down or stop and have likely failed numerous times at quitting.You spend lots of time getting high, often at the expense of spending time with loved ones or doing activities you once enjoyed.You continue to use despite any problems with family and friends, employment, or legal troubles.You depend on the drug to “relax” or for creativity. Signs and Symptoms of Addiction Withdrawal Symptoms of synthetic weed withdrawal can range from mild to severe, depending on how frequent and how long you have been using, and include the following: HeadacheSevere anxietyDepressionIrritability How to Get Help If you suspect that someone you love is using synthetic marijuana, the most important thing you can do is spend time with them, communicate the dangers of fake weed, and watch for any signs of use. While behavioral therapies and medications have yet to be specifically tested for the treatment of synthetic cannabinoid addiction, a health care professional can work with you and your loved one to safely detox from the drug as well as identify and treat any co-occurring mental illness. Finding a Reputable Treatment Facility In addition to getting a recommendation from a trusted health care professional, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has a toll-free, confidential hotline along with an addiction treatment facility search tool to help people find facilities in the United States. Similarly,  The Partnership at DrugFree.org  has a helpline and tips so families know what to ask when vetting a rehab.

Activity Series - Chemistry Glossary Definition

Activity Series Definition: The activity series of metals is an list of metals ranked in order of decreasing reactivity to displace hydrogen gas from water and acid solutions. It can also be used to predict which metals will displace other metals in aqueous solutions. Also Known As: Reactivity Series of Metals

Analysis Of Luther Man Between God And The Devil Essay

Luther Man between God and the Devil is wonderfully written book that was authored by Heiko A. Oberman. The author of the book focuses on Luther’s life history with the overall purpose of discovering the under explored aspects of his life lessons. Oberman hoped to link Martin’s life with eternity and not a continuous progress towards heaven inspired by the chaos in the last days of eternity (Oberman, 1989, 12). Heiko is conscious of the monumental time difference between Martin Luther’s death and the period he constructs the details which comprise this work. During the author’s time of researching the history, theology, and character of Luther. We could argue that one of the over riding focuses of this book is that Luther’s poignant point of view for his life was symbolic of a struggle against the devil, or at the very least our interpretation. Background on Martin Luther The story of Luther and the Reformation have been the topic of religious discussion for centuries. The Papal Authority played a pivotal role in European history, as did the Protestant Reformers. Luther’s perspective on religious duty makes for an inspiring conceptualization of religion. The Papal Authority on the other hand had a monumental task of keeping Catholicism at the forefront of Europe while simultaneously defending it against the advancing Turks. As protestants we have a tendency to harshly judge the Catholic church for the selling of indulgence and for taking confession. Yet thisShow MoreRelatedKingdom of Heaven Analysis Essay1796 Words   |  8 PagesThis is my longer analysis of the Kingdom of Heaven. Appreciate any feedback. [SPOILER WARNING] The Kingdom of Heaven is an anti-religion humanist epic. The moral of the story is that humanism is better than religion. KOH uses a traditional storytelling formula designed to convince people to reject a particular belief or worldview. 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Wycliffs followers, contemptuously called Lollards, preached reform in England. Also, Wycliffs movement made much of the bible available to the masses in its English translation from the Vulgate. This gave the people a more personal relationship with God because they could educate themselves by reading the word. The church did not like this nor did they like WycliffsRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1428 Words   |  6 PagesOn April 16, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote what has become known as the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† A long document, it was addressed to Birmingham’s local clergymen because they had been critical of his work and ideas. Dr. King believed their criticism was in good faith, and pointed out that he was in Birmingham because he had been invited by the local affiliate of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, showing the religious commonalities between himself and the clergymen. 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Interaction with the supernaturalRead MoreThe Salvation Of The Soul : An Analysis Of Bunyan s Pilgrim s Progress From A Biblical Perspective2239 Words   |  9 Pages陈玛莉(Chen Mali) Mary 12090703 Francesca de Lucia Academic Writing Jan. 9, 2015 The Salvation of the Soul: an Analysis of Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress from a Biblical Perspective John Bunyan, lacking in formal schooling, was a small tinker in the English countryside. It was said that he had read no more than five books all his life. He spent much time reading Holy Bible and was called â€Å"man of one book† by later generations. As a staunch Puritan, he wrote resolutely for his belief and his ChristianRead MoreLincoln and the Abolitionists Essay5776 Words   |  24 PagesGuelzo, happened through a curious combination of political maneuvering, personal conviction, and commitment to constitutional principle. One of the ironies of the Civil War era and the end of slavery in the United States has always been that the man who played the role of the Great Emancipator was so hugely mistrusted and so energetically vilified by the party of abolition. Abraham Lincoln, whatever his larger reputation as the liberator of two million black slaves, has never entirely shaken off

American Dream or American Nightmare Free Essays

These days people don’t know whether to rent house or buy one, people once thought that their house was a an equity in which anytime they needed money for a bigger house, college tuition or for retirement. It is my strong opinion; living in these unstable and uncertain times, with an economy that has steadily spiraled downward in the recent past, do we need to wonder if; â€Å"The American Dream† has turned into the American nightmare? There are many considerations that need to be considered prior to making such a big decision on rent vs. buying. We will write a custom essay sample on American Dream or American Nightmare or any similar topic only for you Order Now Let’s begin with some of the pros and cons of renting. When someone rents a home or apartment they are not responsible for the added expense of repairs and maintenance, property taxes, or homeowners insurance, the three of these alone are very costly. It is easier to move as you please, of course with an ample amount of time of moving notification to landlord. We never know what life will throw our way as far as the little emergencies with health, transportation and job security, but at least one of those emergencies will not include unexpected household maintenance.A couple negative aspects of renting would be, if someone a property that wasn’t protected by the rent control and the landlord was able to consistently raise the rent. The next negative aspect would be, not building equity and credit. Although a person can still build credit, there’s nothing like home ownership for building credit. Buying has its many benefits as well. First of all, mentioned earlier, buying builds credit and equity.In Addition, people generally like to have property to pass down to future generations, so they can have that stability. We must bear in mind when owning a home, that the homeowner is responsible for maintenance and repairs, property taxes, homeowners insurance, and rising interest rates when not having a fixed loan. People need to educate themselves about different types of loans, prior to getting a loan, this is another reason many people have found themselves in a position of foreclosure.The final decision must be made by the individual and what their current and forecasted financial situation will be, with all things considered. In my final paper I plan to give statistics on how many homes have been foreclosed and how many people have ended up homeless in the order of most recent 2010 to the 1970’s. I have chosen this chronological order because in my opinion, people want to know information about whatâ€⠄¢s going on now first, and what changes have occurred to bring us to this point secondary. How to cite American Dream or American Nightmare, Papers

Knowledge and Mature Person free essay sample

Composition Write a coherent, unified, multi-paragraph (3 or more paragraphs) composition of at least 300 words on the topic below. In your composition, you may apply any appropriate method of development, including exposition, persuasion, description, and narration. (30 marks) Topic: Certain experiences can mark the beginnings of maturity. Maturity marks the beginning of a person’s physical changes but in my opinion the physical changes and age of a person does not show how mature they are. I think that how a person think and act shows their maturity. In order for a person to mature, they need experiences. There are three reasons as to why experiences mark the beginnings of maturity. The reasons are; it exposes an individual to challenges and helps gain from it, helps the individual to learn from past mistakes and have good characteristics, and lastly it attributes to expanding a person’s knowledge and point of view. First of all, having experiences helps a person gain and polish their skills and become stronger. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge and Mature Person or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every experience comes with a challenge that a person must overcome in order to become stronger and survive in this vast world. When a person overcomes the challenge it harness it skills from that experience and become more accustomed to challenges and marks the beginning of maturity of the person, step by step, becoming stronger and more skilled and acting more mature in handling the next challenges. Second of all, an experience helps form an individual’s characteristics of not repeating same mistakes from the past. A person is called immature when they keep on repeating the same mistakes over and over, never learning from it. But a person becomes mature when he or she learns from that experience and acts accordingly in order to avoid repeating the same mistake in the future. As an individual have more experience, he or she forms characteristics. A mature person possesses good behavior such as honesty, sense of responsibility, realize what is right and wrong, and can read the situations. Having good characteristic and learning from every experience is how a person becomes mature. Most importantly, an experience helps in widening a person’s point of view and knowledge. Experience is knowledge and is vital in decision making. A person does not only get knowledge from books and school, experience also helps in widening one’s knowledge. An experience is where we learn about things and information that cannot be obtained from books. Experience is the best way to expand an individual’s point of view and knowledge, because the person itself undergo an event where he or she can observe and see what happens. As a person’s becomes more knowledgeable and expands his or her point of view, the person becomes more aware of his or her surrounding, becoming more understanding just like a mature person. In life, experience always plays a big part in becoming mature. It is important to have a lot of experiences where one learns and benefit from. Age doesn’t help an individual to develop into a mature person, but experience does. Experience influences our way of thinking and how we should see the world. It helps us in decision making and teaches us how we should act and what we should do making us more mature. In other words it illustrates how each individual becomes wiser, stronger, understanding, knowledgeable, and develops into a good mature person, becoming what we’re supposed to be.

Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides Essays - Women And Death

Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides Essays - Women And Death Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides In times of struggle and hardship, people are constantly looking for ways to escape their reality. They have found release from their stress in practices such as exercise, therapy, and meditation. In the ancient times of Greece and Rome, life for the citizens was strict and sometimes harsh. During these times of struggle, people searched for ways to vacation from the laws that bore down upon them. One of the ways they accomplished this was through art. Art was a way to express true feeling and emotion and unite a sometimes-divided population. Drama served as one escape for the citizens in Greece and Rome. Attending the plays written by Euripides, Aristophanes and Plautus, gave the people time to get away from their worries and chores and drift into a world of drama. A world where laws can be broken, women can have intelligence and slaves outwit their masters. One of the reasons the plays written by the authors of this time were so popular was because people were able to leave reality behind and slip into a world where none of the truths they held proved to be true. A famous playwright during ancient Greece was Aristophanes. During his lifetime there was extreme political turbulence. Many of his plays reflect the issues of this time and the social concerns. However, instead of presenting these matters seriously and appropriately, he does it in a jovial and satirical manner. His sole purpose in this is to take a bad situation and make it humorous for the audience. It has often been said, especially in recent years, that in Aristophanes political and social thought is purely incidental and always subordinated to the desire to amuse his audience and win the prize(Cambridge, 38). In many of his plays he mimics political situations and figures and the outcome is very humorous. The audience is able to relax and laugh about the problems facing Greece Many elements in his plays are not real and could not have even been conceived of at that time. In Aristophanes play, Lysistrata, the women of Athens and Sparta formulate a ridiculous plot to end the war by abstaining from sexual intercourse with their husbands. Aristophanes takes a difficult and pressing subject, the Peloponnesian War, and develops it into an illusive story of how a woman ends the war. The thought that a woman would have enough intelligence to end the war was a very impractical thought and the idea that Aristophanes would create su ch a plot was quite comedic. It made the audience feel as if they were in an unrealistic world because roles were reversed. Another reason the audience enjoyed the play was for its sheer guts. For Aristophanes to write a whole play about sexual intercourse was gutsy and the audience appreciated the fact that they could attend such a controversial event. During a time when rules and morals were stiff, Aristophanes showed the people of Greece that there is a time when you can relax and thoroughly enjoy yourself. He released some of the pressure of the war by ridiculing it. The audience had a chance to escape the harsh reality of the times and focus on the humor of Aristophanes. Another playwright of ancient literature was Plautus. He came about many years later, but his works did the same for his audiences as Aristophanes did for his. His plays were comical as well, but his work had another aspect the people appreciated. By making his characters unreal and placing them in unlikely situations, made the audience once again feel as if they were in another world. At the time Plautus was writing and performing his plays, Rome was very conservative. There were moral laws and censorship on almost everything. The plays Plautus wrote broke these limitations and gave the people a sense of freedom. One of the limitations Plautus broke was allowing slaves in his plays to outwit their masters. This was unheard of and the mere thought of this happening was surreal. In Plautus play, The Swaggering Soldier, this very event occurs. A conceited soldier, Pyrgopolynices, is deceived by own his slave, Palestrio. Palestrio, knowing his master is a woman-lover, tricks him into thinking he can

Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides Essays - Women And Death

Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides Essays - Women And Death Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides In times of struggle and hardship, people are constantly looking for ways to escape their reality. They have found release from their stress in practices such as exercise, therapy, and meditation. In the ancient times of Greece and Rome, life for the citizens was strict and sometimes harsh. During these times of struggle, people searched for ways to vacation from the laws that bore down upon them. One of the ways they accomplished this was through art. Art was a way to express true feeling and emotion and unite a sometimes-divided population. Drama served as one escape for the citizens in Greece and Rome. Attending the plays written by Euripides, Aristophanes and Plautus, gave the people time to get away from their worries and chores and drift into a world of drama. A world where laws can be broken, women can have intelligence and slaves outwit their masters. One of the reasons the plays written by the authors of this time were so popular was because people were able to leave reality behind and slip into a world where none of the truths they held proved to be true. A famous playwright during ancient Greece was Aristophanes. During his lifetime there was extreme political turbulence. Many of his plays reflect the issues of this time and the social concerns. However, instead of presenting these matters seriously and appropriately, he does it in a jovial and satirical manner. His sole purpose in this is to take a bad situation and make it humorous for the audience. It has often been said, especially in recent years, that in Aristophanes political and social thought is purely incidental and always subordinated to the desire to amuse his audience and win the prize(Cambridge, 38). In many of his plays he mimics political situations and figures and the outcome is very humorous. The audience is able to relax and laugh about the problems facing Greece Many elements in his plays are not real and could not have even been conceived of at that time. In Aristophanes play, Lysistrata, the women of Athens and Sparta formulate a ridiculous plot to end the war by abstaining from sexual intercourse with their husbands. Aristophanes takes a difficult and pressing subject, the Peloponnesian War, and develops it into an illusive story of how a woman ends the war. The thought that a woman would have enough intelligence to end the war was a very impractical thought and the idea that Aristophanes would create su ch a plot was quite comedic. It made the audience feel as if they were in an unrealistic world because roles were reversed. Another reason the audience enjoyed the play was for its sheer guts. For Aristophanes to write a whole play about sexual intercourse was gutsy and the audience appreciated the fact that they could attend such a controversial event. During a time when rules and morals were stiff, Aristophanes showed the people of Greece that there is a time when you can relax and thoroughly enjoy yourself. He released some of the pressure of the war by ridiculing it. The audience had a chance to escape the harsh reality of the times and focus on the humor of Aristophanes. Another playwright of ancient literature was Plautus. He came about many years later, but his works did the same for his audiences as Aristophanes did for his. His plays were comical as well, but his work had another aspect the people appreciated. By making his characters unreal and placing them in unlikely situations, made the audience once again feel as if they were in another world. At the time Plautus was writing and performing his plays, Rome was very conservative. There were moral laws and censorship on almost everything. The plays Plautus wrote broke these limitations and gave the people a sense of freedom. One of the limitations Plautus broke was allowing slaves in his plays to outwit their masters. This was unheard of and the mere thought of this happening was surreal. In Plautus play, The Swaggering Soldier, this very event occurs. A conceited soldier, Pyrgopolynices, is deceived by own his slave, Palestrio. Palestrio, knowing his master is a woman-lover, tricks him into thinking he can

Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides Essays - Women And Death

Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides Essays - Women And Death Aristophanes, Plautus, And Euripides In times of struggle and hardship, people are constantly looking for ways to escape their reality. They have found release from their stress in practices such as exercise, therapy, and meditation. In the ancient times of Greece and Rome, life for the citizens was strict and sometimes harsh. During these times of struggle, people searched for ways to vacation from the laws that bore down upon them. One of the ways they accomplished this was through art. Art was a way to express true feeling and emotion and unite a sometimes-divided population. Drama served as one escape for the citizens in Greece and Rome. Attending the plays written by Euripides, Aristophanes and Plautus, gave the people time to get away from their worries and chores and drift into a world of drama. A world where laws can be broken, women can have intelligence and slaves outwit their masters. One of the reasons the plays written by the authors of this time were so popular was because people were able to leave reality behind and slip into a world where none of the truths they held proved to be true. A famous playwright during ancient Greece was Aristophanes. During his lifetime there was extreme political turbulence. Many of his plays reflect the issues of this time and the social concerns. However, instead of presenting these matters seriously and appropriately, he does it in a jovial and satirical manner. His sole purpose in this is to take a bad situation and make it humorous for the audience. It has often been said, especially in recent years, that in Aristophanes political and social thought is purely incidental and always subordinated to the desire to amuse his audience and win the prize(Cambridge, 38). In many of his plays he mimics political situations and figures and the outcome is very humorous. The audience is able to relax and laugh about the problems facing Greece Many elements in his plays are not real and could not have even been conceived of at that time. In Aristophanes play, Lysistrata, the women of Athens and Sparta formulate a ridiculous plot to end the war by abstaining from sexual intercourse with their husbands. Aristophanes takes a difficult and pressing subject, the Peloponnesian War, and develops it into an illusive story of how a woman ends the war. The thought that a woman would have enough intelligence to end the war was a very impractical thought and the idea that Aristophanes would create su ch a plot was quite comedic. It made the audience feel as if they were in an unrealistic world because roles were reversed. Another reason the audience enjoyed the play was for its sheer guts. For Aristophanes to write a whole play about sexual intercourse was gutsy and the audience appreciated the fact that they could attend such a controversial event. During a time when rules and morals were stiff, Aristophanes showed the people of Greece that there is a time when you can relax and thoroughly enjoy yourself. He released some of the pressure of the war by ridiculing it. The audience had a chance to escape the harsh reality of the times and focus on the humor of Aristophanes. Another playwright of ancient literature was Plautus. He came about many years later, but his works did the same for his audiences as Aristophanes did for his. His plays were comical as well, but his work had another aspect the people appreciated. By making his characters unreal and placing them in unlikely situations, made the audience once again feel as if they were in another world. At the time Plautus was writing and performing his plays, Rome was very conservative. There were moral laws and censorship on almost everything. The plays Plautus wrote broke these limitations and gave the people a sense of freedom. One of the limitations Plautus broke was allowing slaves in his plays to outwit their masters. This was unheard of and the mere thought of this happening was surreal. In Plautus play, The Swaggering Soldier, this very event occurs. A conceited soldier, Pyrgopolynices, is deceived by own his slave, Palestrio. Palestrio, knowing his master is a woman-lover, tricks him into thinking he can

Best Abigail Williams Analysis - The Crucible

Best Abigail Williams Analysis - The Crucible SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, Abigail Williams is the pebble that gets the avalanche of the Salem witch trials started. It is Abigail who first says Tituba has been using supernatural powers to corrupt her and Betty, and it is Abigail who jumps on the (metaphorical) accusation train after Tituba has been coerced into confessing her involvement and naming co-conspirators. In this guide, we’ll go over Abigail’s entire sphere of influence, from her role as the lead accuser in the witch trials to the relationship between Abigail and John Proctor, and discuss what drives Abigail to act as she does throughout the course of the play. Feature image credit: Samantha Lindsay, 2016/All rights reserved. Character Introduction: Who Is Abigail Williams? Abigail is deftly characterized throughout the play through Miller’s stage directions, what other characters say about her, and through Abigail’s own actions and dialogue. The first thing we learn about Abigail (courtesy of Miller's introductory character description) is that she is young and gorgeous: â€Å"Abigail Williams, seventeen†¦a strikingly beautiful girl† (Act 1, p. 8). More important than her physical description and age, however, are Abigail's relationships with the other characters in the play. Relationships Abigail has important - and often contentious - relationships with the other characters, many of which directly shape the action of the play. John and Elizabeth Proctor Abigail is the former servant of John and Elizabeth Proctor. Over the course of the first two acts, it is revealed that Abigail used to work for the Proctors but had an affair with John; she was kicked out when Elizabeth confronted John with her suspicions and he confessed. By the time the play begins, Abigail still loves John, but the feeling that does not appear to be mutual, as John won’t continue the affair with her. The relationship between Abigail and John Proctor changes even further over the course of the play; by Act 3, Abigail no longer cares about John as much and makes no move to halt his arrest and hanging for witchcraft. Abigail and Elizabeth have a mutual dislike, although the feeling is much stronger on Abigail's side than Elizabeth's (since Abigail eventually ends up accusing Elizabeth of being a witch): â€Å"It's a bitter woman, a lying, cold, sniveling woman, and I will not work for such a woman!† (Act 1, p. ) Not only does Abigail think Elizabeth is bitter, lying, cold, and sniveling, but Abigail refers to Elizabeth as â€Å"it.† The only other time this happens in the play is during another expression of extreme emotion, when John Proctor calls Abigail a whore (â€Å"It is a whore!† Act 3, p. 102) before the entire Salem court. The Parris Family Abigail is also Reverend Parris's niece (and so Betty Parris's cousin); she lives with the Parris family because her parents were killed by local American Indian tribe. We mainly see Abigail's interactions with her family in Act 1, when Betty is lying unresponsive on the bed and Parris is freaking out about what people are going to say and how it's going to affect how he's perceived in the town. It's unclear whether Abigail actually cares about Betty, or if she is just worried that if Betty doesn't wake up she’ll get in even bigger trouble. â€Å"ABIGAIL, smashes [Betty] across the face: Shut it! Now shut it!† (Act 1, p. 18) Hitting someone is not exactly loving by today’s standards, but tough love was not unknown in Puritan times, so you could argue it either way - maybe Abigail's just trying to stop Betty from being hysterical. Abigail's resentment of her uncle, by contrast, is quite clear. Miller uses explicit stage directions to Abigail likeâ€Å"in terror†, â€Å"with an edge of resentment† and â€Å"With ill-concealed resentment at him† (Act 1, p. ) when she's addressing Parris to illustrate the precarious position Abigail is in. Because Abigail is an orphan in a society that does not value women, she is forced to depend on her uncle's kindness and avoid upsetting him or risk being thrown out to live on her own without any means to do so. Whether or not Abigail also thinks her uncle is petty and self-important is open to interpretation, depending on how the performers deliver certain lines (or how the reader interprets them). Take the following exchange, for instance: â€Å"[PARRIS:] Abigail, do you understand that I have many enemies? ABIGAIL: I have heard of it, uncle. PARRIS: There is a faction that is sworn to drive me from my pulpit. Do you understand that? ABIGAIL: I think so, sir.† (Act 1, p. 10) Either she’s meekly agreeing with him†¦or she’s subtly mocking him because she’s heard him go on and on about how he is persecuted so many times. I tend to believe the latter explanation, especially given how often Abigail’s lines contain dual meanings, but an argument could be made for either case. Abigail has a somewhat mixed relationship with the third member of the Parris household, Tituba. Abigail seems to believe in Tituba's powers to the extent that she gets Tituba to make a potion to kill Goody Proctor (presumably so Abigail can marry John). When it starts to seem like this information might come out, however, Abigail preemptively accuses Tituba of bewitching her and Betty in order to save herself. The Other Girls Finally, Abigail appears to be friends (or friendly) with Mercy Lewis and Mary Warren. Mercy and Abigail seem to have a sort of partners-in-crime type of friendship - Abigail likes Mercy well enough to warn her by telling her what Parris has told Abigail he knows about the woods (although this could be perhaps because Abigail’s afraid of what Mercy might say if they don’t confer). On the other hand, Abigail appears to have nothing but disdain for Mary Warren, and is perfectly fine with bullying her: â€Å"ABIGAIL, starting for Mary: I say shut it, Mary Warren!† (Act 1, p. 19) Along with Ruth Putnam and Betty Parris, Abigail, Mercy, and Mary were in the woods with Tituba; along with Susanna Walcott, the girls form the core of the group of â€Å"afflicted† girls who accuse others of witchcraft during the trials. By Act 3, Abigail no longer fears anybody because of how much she has risen in status and how much authority she has gained. She even faces off against Danforth (the man with nominally the most power in the play as Deputy Governor of Massachusetts) and gets him to back down from questioning her. Fearless/Less Fear, used under CC BY 2.0 Other Character Traits Abigail is an accomplishedand convincing liar - she lies easily, without any compunction or care for the truth, and can keep the lies going. From her very introduction, Miller tells the reader of the play that Abigail has â€Å"an endless capacity for dissembling† (p. 8), and she spends the rest of her time onstage living up to this description. This characteristic is demonstrated in the first act of The Crucible when Abigail lies about what exactly happened in the woods: â€Å"Uncle, we did dance; let you tell them I confessed it – and I’ll be whipped if I must be. But they’re speakin’ of witchcraft. Betty’s not witched† (Act 1, p. 9). As each of her lies is revealed to be such, she comes up with a new lie that she still gets people to believe, even though she was clearly just lying and there’s no reason why she wouldn’t still be lying. â€Å"But we never conjured spirits† (Act 1, p. 10) [...] "PARRIS, to Abigail: Then you were conjuring spirits last night. ABIGAIL, whispering: Not I, sir - Tituba and Ruth.† (Act 1, p. 15) [...] â€Å"She sends her spirit on me in church† (Act 1, p. 41) Within the space of one act, Abigail changes her story from â€Å"we were just dancing† to â€Å"Tituba sent her spirit on me and bewitched us† - and everyone buys it. Part of Abigail's success in convincing others of her lies stems from her ability to get herself to believe the lies. This occurs in Act 3 in the Salem court - Abigail manages to convince herself that she's being afflicted to the point where she goes into a fit that has real physical side-effects (her hands are icy to the touch). A large part of Abigail’s believability, though, comes from societal preconceptions – it’s unthinkable that such a lowly person (young orphaned girl) would dare lie to someone important (her uncle who’s taken her in, the Deputy Governor of the Province, and so on). World's Biggest Liar, used under CC BY 2.0 Probably not the accolade Reverend Parris would want hanging from his door. In addition to being an accomplished liar, Abigail is also extremely single-minded. When she wants something, she goes for it; if one method doesn’t work, she’s happy to go with Plan B. A good example of this is Abigail's pursuit of John Proctor. Because Abigail wants John Proctor for herself, she gets Tituba to make her a potion to kill Goody Proctor. When that doesn’t work, she pleads with John to take her back; when that doesn't work she accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft and manages to get her arrested. By the time this backfires (John Proctor is also accused of witchcraft), Abigail’s too deep in it to say anything, even if she wanted to – protesting his arrest would draw suspicion back onto her. Last but not least, Abigail is opportunistic. She seizes the chance to divert blame from herself and Betty by accusing Tituba of making them do bad things (Act 1). Once Abigail has gained power as an â€Å"afflicted child†, she seizes the chance to accuse Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft and get her out of the picture that way (Act 2). Furthermore, when Elizabeth falters under Danforth's questioning and doesn’t admit Abigail was dismissed because Abigail slept with John Proctor, Abigail seizes upon that too and strengthens her position by screaming and going into a fit before Hale can explain further about what he means by â€Å"This girl has always struck me as false!† (Act 3, p. 106). And when neighboring towns like Andover overthrow their witch trials and it looks like being someone who accused others of witchcraft might not be so safe anymore, Abigail grabs Parris’s savings and leaves town (discussed in Act 4). When Does Abigail Appear in The Crucible? Abigail only appears onstage in Acts 1 and 3, although she is talked about by other characters in the other two acts. In Act 1, she enters very near the beginning (right after Tituba has been shooed off by Parris) and stays onstage through the end of the act; in Act 3, she and the other girls are summoned to the court towards the last third of the act to explain and deny Mary Warren’s accusations, remaining onstage through the end of the act. What Does Abigail Williams Do in The Crucible? Below, I have an act-by-act breakdown of all of Abigail's actions over the course of the play. Act 1 At the beginning of Act 1, Abigail is chastised by her uncle for possibly getting Betty sick with the dancing they did in the woods. Abigail tries to defend herself, saying that Betty was just startled when Reverend Parris â€Å"leaped out of the bush so suddenly† and that’s why Betty fainted. Parris refuses to believe Abigail is telling the whole truth and wants to make sure they weren’t up to even worse things than dancing, like conjuring spirits (!). He also wants to know if Abigail’s reputation is still pure, which Abigail gets all snippy about (understandably - who'd want to talk to her uncle about her purity?). When it becomes clear that spirits were conjured during the "dancing" in the woods, Abigail says that it wasn’t her doing the conjuring, just Tituba and Ruth Putnam. Once the adults leave, Abigail confers with Mercy and Mary Warren about what to do. Abigail briefly manages to rouse Betty, who tries to throw herself out of the window, yells that â€Å"Abigail drank a potion to kill Goody Proctor,† and then sinks back into an unresponsive state again. Abigail threatens everyone with violence if she says something about the potion. When Abigail finds herself alone with John Proctor, she approaches him to see if she can get him to resume their affair, but he turns her down. Abigail is not happy about this and says it’s his wife making him do it, which makes Proctor threaten to whip her (although to be fair, this is his default for dealing with women who upset him). Hale arrives and begins to question Abigail about her actions in the woods. When pressed, Abigail blames Tituba, who is then fetched to explain herself. Before Tituba can say anything, Abigail preemptively strikes by saying that it was Tituba who did all the bad things like conjuring and creating potions, knowing that because Tituba is one of the few people in Salem below Abigail on the social ladder, the other Salem residents will find this easy to believe. After Tituba confesses, Abigail says that she, too, wants to confess her sins and come clean with God. She and Betty go into an orgy of crying out names of townspeople as witches as the curtain falls â€Å"On their ecstatic cries† (Act 1, p. 46). Act 2 We learn via Cheever that Abigail has charged Elizabeth Proctor as a witch (Act 2, p. 69). It turns out that while at dinner at the Parris house, Abigail fell to the floor, writhing in pain, and a needle was pulled out of her by Parris; Abigail then â€Å"testify it were your wife’s familiar spirit pushed it in† (Act 3, p. 71). It also turns out that Abigail was sitting right next to Mary in court as Mary made the poppet and stuck a needle in it for safekeeping, which could have given Abigail the idea to throw the fit at dinner and accuse Elizabeth, but the hysterical Cheever, Herrick, and even Hale don’t seem to think that this is reason enough not to arrest Elizabeth. sister poppet, used under CC BY 2.0 Act 3 Abigail is brought into the courtroom (along with the other afflicted girls) by Danforth for questioning. She denies that she has lied about the supernatural torments she’s been through, affirming that Mary is lying and that â€Å"Goody Proctor always kept poppets† (Act 3, p. 96), and appears insulted when Danforth asks her if she’s sure she didn’t just imagine it all. In the midst of dressing down Danforth for doubting her, Abigail suddenly seems to go into a trance or some other altered state. During this fit, she looks at Mary Warren (with the implication being that Mary is the one causing this) – the other girls follow Abigail's lead and do the same. When Abigail looks up to heaven and asks for strength, however, she is assaulted, yelled at, and accused of being a harlot by John Proctor. Danforth asks Abigail to deny (or confirm) that she had sex with John Proctor when asked by Danforth, but Abigail refuses (â€Å"If I must answer that, I will leave and I will not come back again!† Act 3, p. 103). Abigail leads the girls into another fit after Elizabeth Proctor exits the courtroom, this one explicitly targeting Mary Warren as the source: â€Å"But God made my face; you cannot want to tear my face. Envy is a deadly sin, Mary.† Act 3, p. 106. She and the other girls descend into full-blown hysteria, mimicking Mary Warren's every action and word until Mary caves under the pressure and accuses John Proctor of being the Devil's man. Act 4 "Echoes Down the Corridor" What happened to Abigail? We learn via Reverend Parris that shehas vanished, possibly via ship, and taken all his savings. â€Å"My daughter tells me how she heard [Abigail and Mercy Lewis] speaking of ships last week, and tonight I discover my- my strongbox is broke into.† (Act 4, p. 7) In â€Å"Echoes Down the Corridor† (the epilogue immediately following Act 4), Miller informs us that â€Å"[t]he legend has it that Abigail turned up later as a prostitute in Boston† (p. 135). Abigail Williams Character Analysis Abigail is the most complex female character in The Crucible. Unlike Rebecca Nurse (the wise, saintly old woman), Elizabeth Proctor (the frigid and betrayed wife), Mary Warren (the girl who just wants to feel important and fit in with the cool kids), or Tituba (the slave who was forced into saving herself by accusing others of witchcraft), Abigail's character cannot be neatly labeled as just one thing. Instead, there is a complex interaction of different motivations that lead Abigail to act as she does during the events of the play. Abigail Motivation #1: Sociopathy/Actively Trying to be Evil An easy, surface explanation of Abigail’s character is to label her as a calculating sociopath, andthere is some evidence that supports this claim. In Act 1, Abigail does seize upon the opportunity to divert blame from herself to first Tituba and Ruth (p. 15), then just Tituba (p. 40), then to women with questionable reputations like Sarah Good, Goody Osburn, and Bridget Bishop (p. 45). She doesn't care at all about the fates of the women being blamed - she's just accusing them to further her own ends. In Act 3, Miller describes Abigail as staring Mary Warren down â€Å"remorselessly† (p. 97); furthermore, Abigail seems to deliberately focus on Mary Warren as the cause of both of her fits: â€Å"ABIGAIL, looking about in the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold: I- I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. Her eyes fall on Mary Warren.† (Act 3, p. 101) [...] â€Å"ABIGAIL, to the ceiling, in a genuine conversation with the â€Å"bird,† as though trying to talk it out of attacking her: But God made my face; you cannot want to tear my face. Envy is a deadly sin, Mary. MARY WARREN, on her feet with a spring, and horrified, pleading: Abby! ABIGAIL, unperturbed, continuing to the â€Å"bird†: Oh, Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; it’s God’s work I do.† (Act 3, p. 107) Finally, in Act 4, we learn Abigail has stolen her uncle’s money and run away. When viewed through the lens of â€Å"calculating person who does not feel emotion,† the reasons for Abigail’s actions become very simple: she acts as she does because she has no empathy for others and cares only for herself. Here's just a smattering of other arguments that could be made to support this conclusion or thesis: Abigail sleeps with John Proctor because she wants to, not caring about his marriage. When she’s kicked out of the Proctor house and sent back to her uncle’s, she’s upset, not because she loves John, but because of the loss of her good reputation. She’s only concerned with Betty’s illness because it means Abigail will get into trouble, and the reason Abigail doesn’t immediately say that Betty’s suffering from witchcraft is because Abigail doesn’t realize that’s the best tack to take until later. She wants to kill Goody Proctor and marry John not because she cares about him, but because it will increase her social status (and also gain her access to intimate relations with Proctor’s â€Å"unexpressed, hidden force† (p. 20)). She accuses other people of witchcraft because it benefits her by helping her get out of trouble for dancing and conjuring in the woods; it also makes her seem more powerful (especially if those people â€Å"confess† and so corroborate her accusations). She purposefully throws a fit to discredit Mary and pressure Mary into recanting her statement to protect herself. When she's at risk of losing her power and authority because of events in Andover, Abigail steals her poor uncle’s money (even though he had housed and fed her after her parents were killed) and runs off, eventually becoming a prostitute. EVIL, used under CC BY 2.0 Abigail Motivation #2: Pragmatism Maybe you can tell by how hyperbolic my language got at the end there, but I don’t think that writing off Abigail an emotionless, manipulative person and ignoring any other facet of her character is a particularly useful or insightful way to analyze her character. In addition to being motivated by opportunism (taking advantage of the situation to get an outcome that’s best for her, no matter what the cost for others), Abigail also seems to be motivated by a desire to avoid getting into trouble with authority (which means she needs to keep her reputation clean). Unlike with Mary Warren, however, Abigail’s wish to avoid trouble is not coupled with a desire to please. She wants to avoid trouble not because she wants to make everyone happy, but because that is the safest thing to do. And in contrast to John Proctor, who struggles through the play with how he’s compromised his sense of himself by committing adultery, Abigail doesn’t seem to care as much about the principle of having a good reputation – she’s more concerned with the practicality of how being considered â€Å"soiled† might negatively affect her. Evidence for this can be found at the beginning of Abigail’s charge to Mercy, Mary, and Betty: â€Å"Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam’s dead sisters. And that is all† (Act 1, p. 19). In Puritan Salem, dancing and conjuring dead people are NOT activities that are good for your reputation, particularly if you’re in a precarious social position to begin with (orphaned, young, girl, fired servant). Being found guilty of these acts, however, will merit far less punishment than being found guilty of adultery and of trying to kill the wife of the man you committed adultery with. It could be argued that part of Abigail's desire to avoid trouble at all costs stems from her traumatic past. When The Crucible begins, Abigail is an orphan living with her uncle and cousin, but her parents didn't just die of cholera or some other natural cause. Abigail explicitly states â€Å"I saw Indians smash my dear parents’ heads on the pillow next to mine† (Act 1, p. 19) - an upsetting experience that would inculcate a desire to avoid trouble in anyone. Perhaps because of this previous upheaval, Abigail doesn’t seem to quite trust that her uncle will love her and let her stay there, no matter what: â€Å"[ABIGAIL:] With ill-concealed resentment at him: Do you begrudge my bed, uncle? PARRIS: No - no.† (Act 1, p. ) Whether or not Abigail's fears of being kicked out of the Parris’s house are justified, they’re still a motivating factor - she wants to avoid getting into trouble so that she doesn't lose her only home. As Act 1 continues, Abigail continues to try to defray blame and to play down the â€Å"dancing in the woods.† The way Miller sets up the dialogue, however, Abigail only changes her story in response to pressure from other characters – for the most part, she is reacting, not going on the offensive. For example, take a look at this series of exchanges between Hale, Parris, and Abigail: â€Å"[HALE] He turns to Abigail, his eyes narrowing. Abigail, what sort of dancing were you doing with her in the forest? ABIGAIL: Why- common dancing is all. PARRIS: I think I ought to say that I- I saw a kettle in the grass where they were dancing. ABIGAIL: That were only soup. [†¦] PARRIS, fearfully: I- do believe there were some movement- in the soup. ABIGAIL: That jumped in, we never put it in! HALE, quickly: What jumped in? ABIGAIL: Why, a very little frog jumped- [†¦] HALE, grasping Abigail: Abigail, it may be your cousin is dying. Did you call the Devil last night? ABIGAIL: I never called him! Tituba, Tituba ...† (Act 1, p. 39-40) Step by step, Abigail adds more information as she is pressed to explain herself by Hale and Parris. The clinching moment for me (and the reason I don’t think Abigail is so much calculating as she is trying to avoid trouble) is this next exchange Abigail has with Reverend Hale: â€Å"HALE: How did she call him? ABIGAIL: I know not- she spoke Barbados. HALE: Did you feel any strangeness when she called him? A sudden cold wind, perhaps? A trembling below the ground? ABIGAIL: I didn’t see no Devil! Shaking Betty: Betty, wake up. Betty! Betty! HALE: You cannot evade me, Abigail. Did your cousin drink any of the brew in that kettle? ABIGAIL: She never drank it! HALE: Did you drink it? ABIGAIL: No, sir! HALE: Did Tituba ask you to drink it? ABIGAIL: She tried, but I refused. HALE: Why are you concealing? Have you sold yourself to Lucifer? ABIGAIL: I never sold myself! I’m a good girl! I’m a proper girl!† (Act 1, p. 40) Abigail does not immediately seize upon the suggestion of witchcraft that Hale so blatantly puts out with his leading question (â€Å"Did you feel any strangeness when she called him? A sudden cold wind, perhaps? A trembling below the ground?†); instead, she denies any knowledge of the Devil and witchcraft (â€Å"I didn’t see no Devil!†). If she really were entirely calculating and opportunistic, there’s no way she would have passed up on an opportunity to push the blame onto some external force here, when she’s under pressure. Abigail's breaking point happens when Tituba is brought into the room – the only way out for Abigail to maintain her status as a good and proper girl and to avoid getting into even more trouble is to strike first; there is no other option that ends well for her in this scenario. Distress, used under CC BY 2.0 A similar argument could be made for why Abigail acts the way she does in the courtroom in Act 3, although now she’s changed from being on the defensive (saying she never did anything wrong) to being on the offensive (accusing Mary of lying, threatening Danforth when he doubts her). Abigail has gained an enormous amount of power and authority since her introduction in Act 1, which means that she no longer has to worry as much about her reputation - anything negative that's said about her she can lie about, and her word will be believed (as it is with Mary Warren). Abigail does, however, still try to avoid answering the question of whether or not she committed adultery with John Proctor: â€Å"If I must answer that, I will leave and I will not come back again!† (Act 3, p. 103) This could be seen as more courtroom dramatics on Abigail’s part, and yes, if it’s revealed she slept with John Proctor, her whole faà §ade of being an innocent victim does come tumbling down. But this could also be her still trying to walk the fine line of avoiding getting into trouble and avoiding telling lies, particularly because this subject is one that she cares about. The other exception to Abigail's â€Å"offense is the best defense† stance is at the end of Act 3, when she doesn’t do anything to counter Mary Warren’s accusations against John Proctor. From a pragmatic point of view, this still makes sense, because the safest thing to do is to back up Mary’s accusations by praising God; if Mary’s shown to be a liar and pretending to be afflicted, then the whole house of cards will come tumbling down and Abigail will be in a huge amount of trouble that she won’t be able to talk her way out of. Motivation #3: Teenage Love The final piece of Abigail’s character puzzle is her relationship with John Proctor. I'll begin the discussion of this motivator through a common discussion question asked about Abigail in The Crucible: Common Discussion Question: In 1692, the historical Abigail Williams was years old, and John Proctor was 60. How did Miller’s deviation from the â€Å"historical model† affect the play? What other changes do you think Arthur Miller made between Abigail from The Crucible and the historical Abigail? Answer: Changing the ages made the relationship Miller saw between Abigail Williams and John Proctor a whole lot less creepy for John Proctor...although honestly, it’s still pretty creepy. He was 18 years older and her employer? She wasn’t even 18? And he constantly threatens to whip women of a lower social status if they displease him? That's still uncomfortable and upsetting. In â€Å"Why I Wrote the Crucible: An Artist’s Answer to Politics† (The New Yorker, October 1996), Miller writes that he was certain of the relationship between Abigail and John Proctor: â€Å"By this time, I was sure, John Proctor had bedded Abigail, who had to be dismissed most likely to appease Elizabeth." Arthur Miller also throws in at the end of The Crucible (in â€Å"Echoes Down The Corridor†) the rumor that Abigail eventually becomes a prostitute in Boston, 20 years down the line. As far as I’ve been able to discover from researching it, there’s zero truth to this – Abigail most likely died in the 1690s, since nothing is ever heard about her again. Thus, Miller very much shaped Abigail's character from an -year-old servant girl into a sexually predatory woman and used that to drive conflict in the play. Abigail starts off the play very much still in love with John Proctor: â€Å"You are no wintry man. I know you, John. I know you. She is weeping. I cannot sleep for dreamin’; I cannot dream but I wake and walk about the house as though I’d find you comin’ through some door. She clutches him desperately.† (Act 1, p. 22) John, however, spurns her love, because of his conscience and guilt: â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby.† (Act 1, p. 22) Abigail thinks to win him back and get revenge on his wife at the same time by accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft (Act 2)†¦or at least, so Proctor seems to think. Proctor tells Danforth his interpretation of Abigail’s actions and intent, attributing her actions first to lust, then to vengeance: â€Å"God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whore’s vengeance, and you must see it† (Act 3, p. 102) Abigail's real motivation for getting Elizabeth Proctor out of the way, however, is somewhat opaque. Because we never really get to see inside Abigail’s head again in the play (she never talks in private to anyone onstage after Act 1), we don’t actually know if Proctor's interpretations are correct. Abigail could be accusing Elizabeth because she’s convinced herself Elizabeth is a witch, she could be accusing Elizabeth because she loves John and wants to be with him (rather than because she hates Elizabeth or because she just wants him for his body), or she could be accusing Elizabeth because she sees marrying John as a way to empower herself and gains status in the restrictive, misogynist society of Salem. Whatever the reason(s) behind it, Abigail’s plan to get Elizabeth out of the way and win John back backfires. John calls Abigail a whore in court, Abigail’s forced to deny this to keep her good standing with the court, and while Abigail doesn’t retaliate by calling John a witch (perhaps because she still has some â€Å"soft feelings† for him), she doesn’t make a move to stop his arrest when Mary Warren accuses him. Common Discussion Question: Compare and contrast Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams. To answer this question, you can discuss how the two women’s relationships with John change over time, their actions to protect (or not protect) John, and their feelings about John and themselves (do they really care about John, or are they just trying to cement their social positions?). Use the information in the above analysis about Abigail to bolster your comparison. Portraits of two women, used under CC BY 2.0 How Does Abigail Williams Change Over Time? Over the course ofThe Crucible, Abigail goes from having basically no power to having the most power of anyone in Salem. She starts out one step higher than Tituba: an orphaned, teenaged, girl who has been fired from her job and is being given a bad reputation around town by her former employer, basically living on her uncle’s charity. By Act 3, Abigail is the head of the â€Å"afflicted children,† powerful enough that she can threaten Danforth, the Deputy Governor of the Province, and get away with it: "ABIGAIL: I have been hurt, Mr. Danforth; I have seen my blood runnin’ out! I have been near to murdered every day because I done my duty pointing out the Devil’s people- and this is my reward? To be mistrusted, denied, questioned like a- DANFORTH, weakening: Child, I do not mistrust you- ABIGAIL, in an open threat: Let you beware, Mr. Danforth. Think you to be so mighty that the power of Hell may not turn your wits? Beware of it!† (Act 3, p. 100) Abigail talks back to Danforth in court, and rather than yelling at her, he weakens in his own conviction. She then follows this up with a not-so-veiled threat that underscores her power - if he crosses Abigail, maybe he'll find himself accused of witchcraft. Even though in Act 4 Parris reveals to Danforth that Abigail is a runaway thief, that is not enough to diminish her power – those who she accused of being witches are still set to hang. Abigail also changes from having a questionable reputation to unimpeachable reputation and then back to having a tarnished reputation over the course of the play. In Act 1, Parris tells Abigail that her former employer, Elizabeth Proctor, â€Å"comes so rarely to church this year for she will not sit so close to something soiled† (Act 1, p. ), meaning that Abigail is soiled, or unclean – not a good reputation to have when you’re already in a precarious social position like Abigail is. By the time Act 2 rolls around, Abigail's reputation has soared to such heights that she's treated like Moses (a Biblical prophet). As Elizabeth Proctor states: â€Å"[Mary Warren] speak of Abigail, and I thought she were a saint, to hear her. Abigail brings the other girls into the court, and where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel" (Act 2, p. 50). In Act 3, Abigail’s reputation is strong enough that John Proctor’s accusations of her being a whore (since she slept with a married man) aren’t automatically believed, even though ordinarily the word of an upright male citizen like John Proctor would certainly be taken over that of a teenage orphan girl. In Act 4 it’s revealed that Abigail has run away and stolen money from her uncle (and so her reputation takes a hit in her absence), but since she is no longer in Salem, it doesn’t really matter for her. Abigail’s goals seem to change over the course of the play. In Act 1, it’s clear that she is still very much attracted to John Proctor and wants to be with him: she nervously laughs the first time he speaks to her (very much a teenager in the midst of an infatuation), and is physically affected by his presence: "Since Proctor’s entrance, Abigail has stood as though on tiptoe, absorbing his presence, wide-eyed" (Act 1, p. 20). Part of her desire to marry John Proctor may be to improve her social standing, but at this point in the play, Abigail still seems to care about John Proctor and want to be with HIM, not just some random guy (although, of course, Miller’s told us that she has an â€Å"endless capacity for dissembling,† so who knows if we can trust her). In Act 2, Abigail still seems to want to be with John Proctor, since she’s accused Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft. As I mentioned in the "motivations" section, it’s harder to tell what Abigail's reasons for this are because it’s other people talking about her actions, rather than firsthand knowledge. Proctor and his wife seem pretty sure that Abigail’s motives are to replace Elizabeth Proctor: â€Å"[ELIZABETH:] She thinks to take my place, John. PROCTOR: She cannot think it! He knows it is true.† (Act 2, p. 58) So it's unclear whether her motives are out of lust and love for John, wanting to improve her social standing, or wanting to get revenge on Elizabeth for sullying her name, but Abigail’s intentions to get rid of Elizabeth, at least, are clear. By Act 3, however, Abigail cares more about holding onto the power she already has than about John Proctor. We know this because when Mary Warren accuses John Proctor of being â€Å"the Devil’s man,† Abigail makes no move to deny it. Instead, she and the rest of girls echo Parris’s â€Å"Praise God!† (p. 0). So do you think Abigail really loves John? Why or why not? Whatevidence from the play can you find to support your argument? Finally, the extent to which Abigail is affected by the hysteria seems to change during the course of the play. Part of the reason for this is that after the first act, the audience is no longer privy to Abigail’s thought processes (since she no longer is talking in confidence to friends or Proctor, but instead is taking very public actions and making public statements in the courthouse). In the first act, it seems pretty clear that Abigail is faking her â€Å"fit†: she tells multiple people that they were dancing in the woods and conjuring Ruth Putnam’s dead sisters’ spirits she shuts down any discussion of her drinking a potion to kill Goody Proctor she is matter of fact about it, mainly frightened not because they were meddling with the supernatural, but because she’s afraid she’ll be punished if word gets out For contrast, compare Abigail in this instance to Mary Warren, who seems genuinely freaked out: â€Å"MARY WARREN, with hysterical fright: What’s got her? Abigail stares in fright at Betty. Abby, she’s going to die! It’s a sin to conjure, and we-† (Act 1, p. 19). By Act 3, however, it’s no longer clear exactly how much Abigail is faking the fright and fits. The argument can certainly be made that she and the other girls are trying to intimidate Mary Warren into retracting her statements about them lying. Abigail does, however, appear to show at least some physical manifestation of her distress (which is harder to fake): â€Å"HATHORNE, touching Abigail’s hand: She is cold, Your Honor, touch her!† Of course, you might argue that Hathorne is feeling what he expected to feel, or that Abigail has such control over her body that she is able to cause her temperature to drop because of psychosomatic processes. Equally possible, though, is that she, like Mary, has been caught up in the hysteria and to some extent believes that she is being attacked by supernatural forces, and so it’s an unconscious link between mind and body causing her to have cold hands. In the fourth Act, we learn Abigail has stolen all of Parris’s savings and run away with Mercy Lewis, which does imply that she’s reverted to form and that this whole being-attacked-by-witches thing was just a hoax. We don’t really have enough information about Abigail's thinking, however, to say for sure if she never believed in witches, or if there was a brief period during which she, too, got caught up in the witch hunt hysteria. Salem Witch Dungeon Museum (May 17,2009), used under CC BY 2.0 Abigail Williams Quotes from The Crucible To wrap up this character analysis, we have three Abigail quotes, explained and analyzed. The first quote illustrates the importance of reputation in Puritan Salem: â€Å"My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar!† (Act 1, p. 12) Abigail is extremely upset that this gossip is going around town and that her uncle knows about it, so she hurries to defend her name with much exclamation, calling Goody Proctor a liar to offset the damage. The irony of Abigail, consummate liar, calling someone else a liar repeats throughout the play, including in the next quote: â€Å"ABIGAIL, with a slight note of indignation: It is a lie, sir.† (Act 3, p. 95) In this case, the irony of Abigail accusing someone else of lying is enhanced by the stage directions: not only is Abigail calling Mary a liar, but she’s doing so in a tone that implies Abigail is offended Mary would ever think to say such a thing about her. In reality, of course, it’s Abigail who is the shameless liar. The "shameless" descriptor ties in well to the final quote: â€Å"ABIGAIL, stepping up to Danforth: What look do you give me? Danforth cannot speak. I’ll not have such looks! She turns and starts for the door.† (Act 3, p. 103) By this point in the play, Abigail has gained enough authority that she feels empowered to tell the Deputy Governor of the Province, to his face, that she won’t put up with him giving her suspicious looks. This is a big change from her previous position in Salem society, where she was dependent on the charity of her uncle, Reverend Parris (especially after she was fired by Elizabeth Proctor). What’s Next? Need to get a better understanding of the other characters in the play? Read our complete guide to and analysis of all the characters in The Crucible. Confused about the actions Abigail takes in the context of The Crucible? We’ve got plot summaries for the acts she appears in. How does Abigail's character fit into the greater themes of The Crucible? Delve into the themes of The Crucible with this article. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Pro-life and Prochoice campaigns and the ethical dilemmas within them Annotated Bibliography

Pro-life and Prochoice campaigns and the ethical dilemmas within them. - Annotated Bibliography Example For instance, most countries have been involved in many series of debates concerning the issue of abortion, euthanasia, corporate punishment, death punishment, and/or assisted suicide among many others. Lee claims that in more than one case, people end up failing to come to consensus, a situation that leads to lack of conclusive responses, which the whole issue a decision of an individual’s choice. The connotation â€Å"pro-life† that goes hand in hand with â€Å"pro-choice† are general episodes, which seeks to expound whether an individual is willing to carry out a certain agenda commonly, termed as an ethical dilemma. Since this expansion tends to involve the issue of ethics, it is very engulfing and poses serious challenges when it comes into making the final decision. This section talks about the Pro-Life spectrum, which is an issue that seeks to determine people’s thinking towards life especially when abortion is the subject. Under this spectrum, people engage themselves in a series of campaigns where they seek to publicize to everyone including the recently conceived human being has a right to equal live. As such, abortion should be condemned and termed as a crime of the highest order, as it is similar to committing murder (Lee 2).

Forms and Substance Dualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forms and Substance Dualism - Essay Example If, conversely, dualism can be convincingly maintained, then our evidence obtained from studies of the brain would simply not suffice in gaining any form of insight into the human mind. Dualism is a logical necessity: sustained as a question that does not need to be answered as it can be fulfilled a priori, owing to the fact that humans have the ability to seek introspection regularly. (Almog, 129-34) Indeed, we experience the separation between our body and mind, which would support the notion that they are separate entities and empirical evidence is not required to prove such a concept. However, this does not mean that dualistic theory is foolproof: for example, can our experience be enough to prove such a concept Indeed, many philosophers are not in favor of dualistic ontology. The first classical representation of dualism can be recognized in Plato's work; more specifically originating in The Phaedo. Interestingly, in dualism, 'mind' is contrasted with 'body', but in different historical periods, different aspects of the mind have been the center of attention. For example, in the classical period it was the intellect of the mind, which was considered to be the crux of what separated us from the physical. However, from Descartes onwards, the opposition to materialism came from our apparent 'consciousness' and experience of 'sensation'. The emphasis on intellect is certainly echoed in Plato's work: as he believed (as did many other Greeks) that the body was a prison for the intellectual soul. Indeed Plato believed that the true substances are not physical bodies, which are ephemeral, but the eternal Forms of which bodies are imperfect copies. He came up with the idea of a realm of "Forms" and said that intellect was immaterial, for it does not last you, the refore Forms are immaterial, and thus intellect must link to those that it apprehends. He then continued to say that such a link forced the soul to want to leave the body to enter a realm of Forms. In his later writings, The Republic, Plato furthered his ideas on Forms and the soul; he claimed that not only was the soul the true form but belonged to a higher status within reality than the body did, and that the soul was a separate, immortal substance. Plato's study of dualism in The Phaedo was indeed complex, and more a metaphysical study regarding the imprisoned soul. However, it can be seen, especially amongst his writings in The Republic, that Plato was clear on his belief that the body and soul were separate entities, forming the base for philosophical extensions in more recent times. Continuing from Plato, St Thomas Aquinas extended earlier works on dualism in his endeavor to unite philosophy with proof of God. Aquinas agreed with the Aristotelian notion that when the soul entered the body it animated it and gave it life; calling it anima. Moreover according to Aquinas, the soul operates independently of the body and it cannot decay; for only things that can break into parts can decay, Thus, following Aquinas' argument, the soul is able to survive death. He also said that through

Impact of the Dollar Currency Base Metal on India

Impact of the Dollar Currency Base Metal on India Abstract: Currency Future is a future contract in which specified currency can be bought or sell at pre determined price and date. In developed nations like US and UK the currency price increment impact on physical trading volume, it decrease it on currency price increment and increase it on currency price decrement. Like this, same thing happened in developing nations. In India the base metals prices so much impacted due to currency future price volatility. In India, the currency future trading was started on 29th Aug. 2008 in National Stock Exchange (NSE), in Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) on 7th Oct. 2008 and in Bombay Stock Exchange on 1st Oct. 2008. The objective of this paper is to measure the correlation of base metals with currency future trading i.e. US $. This research paper is an attempt to consider the investor behaviour regarding currency future trading in India. Some factors which have been considered for research are currency future, base metals and price movement in upward or i n downward side. The results are analyzed with the help of statistical tools and techniques. Introduction Currency Futures means a standardised foreign exchange derivatives contract traded on a recognised stock exchange to buy or sell one currency against another on a specified future date, at a price specified on the date of contract, but does not include a forward contract. Currency derivatives can be described as contracts between sellers and buyers whose values are derived from the underlying which in this case is the exchange rate. Currency Derivatives are mostly designed for hedging purposes, although they are also used as instruments for speculation. Currency Derivatives i.e. Currency Future are standardised in terms of contract sizes, trading parameters settlement procedures and traded on regulated exchange. The contract size is fixed and is referred to as lot size. Future contract are traded through exchanges, the settlement of the contract is guaranteed by the exchange or clearing corporation and hence there is no counter party risk. In INDIA the currency future trading was started on 29th Aug. 2008 in National Stock Exchange (NSE), in Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) on 7th Oct. 2008 and in Bombay Stock Exchange on 1st Oct. 2008. Currency Future trading play a vital role in developed nations and developing nations. It makes the so much volatility in metal prices in terms of online trading as well as in physical trading. After the starting of currency future trading in India the volatility increase in the MCX non precious metal. The total number of contract traded before starting of currency future trading in non precious metal are 84186 (lots) and after the starting of currency future trading 69358 (lots). It shows that there is lot of volatility in the metal market sometime it increases the volume or sometime it decrease the volume. Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (MCX) is a state of the art electronic commodity future exchange. The head quartered of MCX in Mumbai. The demutualised exchange set up by Financial Technologies (India) Ltd (FTIL) has permanent recognition from the Government of India to facilitate online trading and clearing and settlement operations for commodity futures across the country. The operations started in Nov 2003. MCX offers more than 40 commodities across various segments such as bullion, ferrous and non ferrous metals and a number of agro-commodities on its platform. The exchange is the worlds largest exchange in Silver, the second largest in Gold and Copper. MCX has been certified to three ISO standards including ISO 9001- 2000 Quality Management System standard, ISO 14001: 2004 Environmental Management System standard and ISO 27001:2005 Information Security Management System standard. Literature Review Since the beginning of trading in financial futures and options in the 1970s, the effect of financial derivatives trading on the underlying spot markets has been of great interest to both academics and practitioners. One of the issues commonly investigated by finance researchers is whether futures trading increases the price volatility of underlying markets and thus leads to destabilisation of these markets. Previous studies provide mixed evidence on this issue. To investigating the market behaviours (such as currency price volatility, metal market depth and trading volume) is an important aspect of research on the market microstructure literature. Tauchen and Pitts (1983)1 argue that these three variables are closely related. However, most studies deal with mutual contemporaneous relationship between two of those three dimensions and reach no consistent results. Very few empirical papers investigate the dynamic nature of the interactions, such as the feedback effects between those three variables. The relationship between currency future and trading volume has been examined frequently and usually is in a positive correlation between volatility and trading volume. Copeland (1976)2, develop sequential arrival of information models where new information flows into market to generate both trading volume and price movement. Karpoff (1987)3, reviews empirical and theoretical research on the relation between price changes and trading volume in financial markets. Eighteen of nineteen empirical papers support the positive correlation between volatility and trading volume. Bessembinder and Segun (1993)4 accommodate persistence in the positive relationship on eight futures market by ARCH-GARCH empirical method. In those studies above, it is consistently positive contemporaneous relation between return volatility and trading volume but lacks consistent in the relation between return volatility and market depth or between market depth and trading volume. Furthermore, there are few studies for the analysis of return volatility and trading volume incorporating with the market depth, which is proven to be fundamentally related to trading activity and market behaviour of return volatility (Bessembinder and Seguin, 1992)5. As suggested by Malliaris (1997)6, the origin of futures markets is related to the necessity to manage the risk associated with volatile spot price changes of certain assets. It can also be claimed that futures contracts became more popular since the economic deregulation in 1970s, which resulted in increased volatility in foreign currencies, debt instruments and stock indexes. Market observers and regulators have generally acknowledged the crucial role that futures markets have in risk transfer and price discovery, but they have often expressed concern over the potential role that futures activity may have in destabilizing the markets. Antoniou and Holmes (1995)7 examined the impact of trading in the FTSE-100 index futures on the spot price volatility and concluded that futures trading improves the quality and speed of information flowing to spot markets. Their evidence suggests that there has been an increase in spot price daily volatility, but that this due to increased information in the market and not to speculators having adverse destabilizing effect. Some studies provide empirical results that support the opinion that trading in futures can destabilize the spot market. For example, Figlewiski (1980)8 investigates the futures contracts for Treasury Bills (GNMA pass through certificates) and provides evidence that futures market activity increases the volatility of cash prices. More recent study by Bae, Kwon and Park (2004)9 focuses on the effect of the introduction of index futures trading in the Korean markets on spot price volatility. The authors concluded that introducing the futures and options trading on the Korean stock exchange resulted in both larger spot price volatility and greater market efficiency (allowing for quicker adjustment of market prices to information). The combined average daily turnover of the currency futures contracts in all the three exchanges (NSE, BSE, MCX) increased from USD 1.1 billion in March 2009 to 2.5 billion in September 2009 – which means a growth of more than 125% in just six months period. Objectives of Research Paper To know the impact of Currency Future US$ on base metal with reference to India. Hypothesis of Research Paper Null Hypothesis: There is positive impact of currency future US$ on base metals, if US$ increases than the price of base metals increases and vice versa. Data Analysis The impact of currency future i.e. US$ on base metals is totally depend on the day to day trading prices of currency as well as metals. To find out the impact of currency on base metals we need the daily transaction prices, for this we collect it from secondary resources. To find out the correlation of currency future and base metals I summarise the data in average form. I collected per day USD INR pricing data for twenty seven months and calculated its average per month. For the base metals, I selected five metals (viz. Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc) collected their pricing data for each day for twenty seven months and calculated its average per month. Here we can see in the table no. 2 there is correlation coefficient between currency future and base metals. Aluminium, Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc are inversely correlated to currency future. There is impact on the Aluminium -0.787, the copper -0.267, lead -0.770, nickel -0.897 and zinc -0.850. When the currency future prices raise the base metals prices decrease and sometimes the base metals prices increase. It shows that the currency future and base metals are inversely correlated. Conclusion The data analysis of the currency future and the base metals shows that there is a correlation between them. When there is volatility in the currency future and base metals it impacts the relation between them. Sometimes it makes the positive relation between currency future and base metals and sometimes it makes the negative relation between them. Due to this the economic condition of India is so much impacted. When the prices volatility increases in base metals it creates the problem in physical metals trading that impact directly or indirectly to the economic condition of our nation. The data analysis represents the inverse linear relationship between currency future and base metals. Scope of research There is so much scope of this research because it is a new concept in India. Before two years ago the currency future trading was started in India. The currency future trading is a concept which is not very common. People are not so much aware about it. This paper is related with base metals only but further the whole metal market is influenced by it.